一头猪需要多少稻草?

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　　丹麦奥胡斯大学研究者发现一头育肥猪需要400g稻草来满足它行动和站立的行为需求，这不仅满足了猪的行为需求也推动了较高的生长率，降低了胃溃疡的风险。
　　2010年，教育部，司法部和卫生部食品，农业和渔业部共同委托奥胡斯大学进行一项研究，摸清在实际生产中多少稻草才能满足猪的养殖和站立需求。该成果已发表在一份新的丹麦粮食和农业中心（DCA）报告中。
　　丹麦和欧盟的立法规定，猪必须永远有足够数量的稻草或其他可操作的材料，以此用来合适的探索和可做行为-但稻草需要多少，这没有具体的数字，报告的主要作者介绍说，他是奥胡斯大学资深科学家Lene Juul Pedersen。
　　猪需要运动和新奇的刺激
　　猪用大部分活动时间调查它们周围的环境。这种行为可能出于饥饿，但对于育肥猪，通常表现为自由采食，主要动机是寻求信息和好奇心。猪检查周围或环境有如下的行为模式，如嗅，站立，推，咀嚼或咬。
　　因此，在集约化生产，猪需要自由采食，也需要可操作的材料（铺垫的和丰富的材料）以此满足这种动机。
　　如果动物受到的刺激是短期的，它们可以重新选址其他猪进行正常的探索行为，尤其是选择它们的耳朵和尾巴。
　　因此在项目中，科学家选择猪转向猪圈中其他同伴作为缺少行为需求的指示器。在研究中，以下的次要指标也记录了
　　?受伤的尾巴
　　?日增重
　　?留在圈舍干净的稻草（这是在下一次放稻草前剩下的量）
　　?室内气候的指标
　　?胃健康。
　　猪需要400g稻草满足它们的需求
　　在第一阶段，科学家检测了猪每天接受10, 500或1000g稻草的行为。表明接受500 g 和1000 g稻草的猪行为无显著差异，但是仅仅接受10g稻草的猪重新转向其他猪。
　　在第二阶段，科学家给每头猪每天的稻草分配量，分别为10 ， 80 ，150 ，220 ， 290 ，360 ， 430和500克。结果给予的稻草量和探索其他猪之间呈显着的线性相关性，因为每头猪每天分配为500g，将探索其他猪的活动时间花在这种行为从10.5 ％（10g）减少到8.1％。
　　在降低限制标准来检测什么构成生物相关性差异时，科学家得出结论说，在给定的试验条件下，猪每天至少接受400g稻草才能满足它们的行为需求。
　　添加稻草的福利使用辅助变量测定，结果如下：
　　?稻草量增加时，尾部受伤的数量显着得线性下降（10克和500克稻草秸秆分别为5.9％和2.8％）
　　?稻草量增加生长速度显着增加（10和500克稻草每天分别增加1,012克和1,060克）
　　?与每天10g稻草相比，每天每头猪提供500克稻草可显着减少猪胃溃疡（7％比33％）。
　　在给定的试验条件下，在最热的月份还包括了2周淤泥清理，收集遗漏数据，稻草量增加并不会增加猪圈，猪的脏污，也不会恶化猪舍的空气（温度和氨气）。
　　测定猪圈剩余稻草的数量表明，在给定的条件下，每头猪每天的稻草给予量是，体重增到约50kg时供应量大约是80g，70kg时供应量大约是150g，之后每头猪需要多于290g的稻草保证能够自由需求。
　　Lene Juul Pedersen.说：现在我们得到了满足猪需求需要的稻草量。稻草的提供可以明显地改善生长，帮助减少胃溃疡的问题。这种结果用在实践中，对于可提供大量稻草的猪舍和粪便系统设计是必不可少的。
　　英文来源：pigprogres
　　译者：IRIS
　　一头猪需要多少稻草?
　　新闻发布日期:2013年11月1日

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英文原文：　　n 2010 the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries jointly commissioned a study from Aarhus University to clarify how much whole straw is needed to satisfy the rooting and manipulation requirements of pigs under practical conditions. The results have been published in a new report from DCA – Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture.

　　- Danish and EU legislation stipulates that pigs must have permanent access to a sufficient quantity of straw or other manipulable material to enable proper investigative and manipulative behaviour – but there are no specific figures for how much straw is needed, says the main author of the report, senior scientist Lene Juul Pedersen from Aarhus University.

　　Pigs need activity and novel stimuli

　　Pigs use much of their active time investigating their surroundings. The behaviour may be motivated by hunger, but finishing pigs, which typically have free access to feed, are primarily motivated by information-seeking and curiosity. Pigs examine a substrate or an environment by behavioural patterns such as sniffing, rooting, pushing, chewing or biting.

　　Therefore, the pigs in an intensive production situation with free access to feed still need access to manipulable materials (rooting and enrichment materials) that can fulfil this motivation.

　　If the animals are short of stimuli, they can redirect their normal exploratory behaviour towards the other pigs in the pen, and especially against their ears and tails.

　　In the project, the scientists therefore used changes in the incidence of exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates as an indicator of a lack of fulfilment of the behavioural need. In the study, the following secondary variables were also registered:

　　? Injuries to the tail

　　? Daily weight gain

　　? Quantity of clean straw remaining in the pens (the amount of straw that is left before the next allocation of straw)

　　? Targets for indoor climate

　　? Gastric health.

　　Pigs need up to 400g of whole straw to meet their needs

　　In the first phase, the scientists examined pig behaviour when they received 10, 500 or 1000 grams straw per pig per day. This showed that there was no difference in the exploratory behaviour re-directed at other pigs for pigs given 500 g and 1000 g straw, but for pigs receiving only 10g there was more exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates.

　　In the second phase, the scientists gave daily allocations of straw per pig of, respectively, 10, 80, 150, 220, 290, 360, 430 and 500 grams. The results showed a significant linear correlation between the amount of straw given and the amount of time the pigs spent on investigative behaviour re-directed at pen mates, since a daily allocation of 500g per pig reduced the active time spent on this behaviour from 10.5% to 8.1% compared to the 10g allocation.

　　In the attempt to set a lower limit for what constitutes a biologically relevant difference, scientists concluded that under the given experimental conditions the pigs must be allocated at least 400 g of whole straw per pig per day to meet their needs.

　　The welfare impact of providing straw in such quantities was supported by the secondary variables measured. The results were as follows:

　　? A significant linear decrease in the percentage of animals with injuries to the tail when allocating increasing amounts of straw (5.9% and 2.8%, respectively, for 10 and 500 grams straw)

　　? A significant increase in growth rate with increasing straw allocation (1,012 g and 1,060 g per day at 10 and 500 grams straw, respectively)

　　? Significantly fewer pigs with gastric ulcers when allocating 500 or 1000 g straw per pig per day compared to 10g per pig (7% compared to 33%).

　　Under the given experimental conditions, which involved two weekly muck-outs and omission of data collected in the two hottest months, the amount of straw allocated did not lead to increased soiling in the pens, dirtying of the pigs or deterioration of the quality of the climate in the pens (temperature and ammonia).

　　Measuring the amounts of clean straw remaining in the pens showed that under the given conditions, minimum allocation per pig is approx. 80g of straw until they weight about 50kg, approx. 150g until approx. 70kg, whereafter they need more than 290g straw per pig to ensure permanent access to straw.

　　- Now we have factual knowledge of how much straw is needed to meet pig requirements. Allocation of straw can apparently also improve growth and help solve problems with gastric ulcers. Where results are implemented in practice, it will be necessary to design new housing and manure systems that can handle larger amounts of straw, says Lene Juul Pedersen.