亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的预防（英文）

矮子

Prevention of Sub-Acute Rumen Acidosis (SARA) in DairyCows 


R. D. Shaver, Ph.D.
Department of Dairy Science
University of Wisconsin– Madison 


It has been suggested that sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA)is the most important nutritional disease of dairy cattle (Oetzel, 1997).Laminitis is most commonly caused by SARA or an interaction between SARA andexcess standing time on concrete (Nordlund, 1995). Diagnosis of SARA problemherds is often difficult, partially because depressed bulk tank milk fat percentageis not a consistent observation for these herds (Oetzel, 1997).


Useful parameters to evaluate in the diagnosis SARA problem herds include:

• Diet neutral detergent fiber (NDF), effective NDF, and nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC)     
• Forage, grain, and total mixed ration (TMR) physical form
• Feed bunk management 
• Chewing activity 
• Body condition 
• Incidence of laminitis 
• Incidence of transition cow metabolic and other digestive disorders 
• Herd or group dry matter intake (DMI) and incidence of off-feed problems
• Bulk tank milk fat test and incidence of milk fat/protein test inversions 
• Rumen pH via rumenocentesis (Nordlund, 1995; Oetzel, 1997).

Because diagnosis of SARA problem herds before economic loss has occurred is difficult, prevention of SARA is the best approach.Recommended feeding guidelines and practices for prevention of SARA are as follows: 

• Meet or exceed dietary fiber minimums of 18-21% acid detergent fiber (DM basis) and 27-30% NDF (DM basis) 
• Meet or exceed dietary NDF from forage minimums of 18-21% (DM basis) for haycrop silage based diets and 21-23% (DM basis) for corn silage based diets 
• Do not exceed 35-40% NFC (DM basis) 
• Provide TMR with 8-10% of as-fed particles on the top screen of Penn State/Nasco shaker box 
• Evaluate and regulate rate of ruminal starch fermentability by manipulating grain moisture content and fineness of grind 
• Monitor and prevent over-mixing or over-processing of the TMR 
• Monitor and minimize separation during feed mixing and delivery 
• Monitor and minimize sorting in the feed bunk 
• Periodically calibrate TMR scales 
• Monitor and control daily variation in amounts of individual feed ingredients added to the TMR 
• Routinely check moisture content of wet feeds and adjust rations accordingly to ensure correct DM ratio of forage to concentrate 
• Limit corn silage as a percent of forage DM to 75% or less for lactating cow diets and 50% or less for dry cow diets 
• Feed close-up dry cows 35-40% NFC diets (DM basis) to adapt the rumen microbial population and develop the rumen papillae prior introducing the high-group diet 
• Do not feed less than 50% forage (DM basis) in the close-up dry cow diet; this diet may benefit from addition of baled hay 
• Feed a post-fresh transition diet that contains more total NDF and NDF from forage than the high-group diet; this diet may benefit from addition of baled hay 
• Feed buffers
• In component feeding situations, increase grain feeding to peak amounts gradually over the first six weeks of lactation and feed grain 3 to 4 times daily 
• In component feeding or partial TMR situations, monitor and control selective consumption of grain vs. forage or corn silage vs. haycrop silage 
• Minimize effects of heat stress on selective consumption of grain vs. forage. 

 

References
Nordlund, K. 1995. Questions and answers regarding rumenocentesis and the diagnosis of herd-based subacute rumen acidosis. Proc. 4-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conference. 
La Crosse, WI Oetzel, G. 1997. Using rumenocentesis to diagnose subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds. Proc. 4-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conference. La Crosse, WI 

benniusiliao

不懂，能翻译成中文吗？

矮子

这是一篇很容易读懂的资料，希望志愿者自己翻译，这样可以加深理解。



预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（ SARA ）的推荐饲养指南和操作：

满足或超过日粮纤维最低值--ADF 为18-21% (DM 基础)和 NDF 27-30% (DM 基础)  ；

满足或超过日粮中饲草NDF最低值--草青贮日粮为18-21% (DM 基础) 和玉米青贮日粮为 21-23% (DM 基础)；
 
NFC不超过 35-40%  (DM 基础)  ；

提供TMR宾州筛的头层筛日粮颗粒为8-10%；
 
利用改变籽实水分和粉碎细度来评估和调节瘤胃淀粉发酵速率；
 
检测和预防过度混合和加工的TMR；
 
检测和减少饲料混合和投放时的分离；
 
检测和减少因饲料容重引起的分离；
 
定期校正TMR称量；
 
检测和控制个别饲料加入TMR后的日常数量变异；
 
常规检查湿料的水分含量和根据饲草和精料的适宜DM比率调节日粮；

以饲草DM的%限制玉米青贮用量：产奶牛日粮不超过75%，干奶牛日粮不超过50%；
 
饲喂临产奶牛35-40% NFC的日粮 (DM基础)在引入高产群日粮前适应瘤胃微生物群和发育瘤胃乳头；
 
临产牛日粮饲草应高于50% (DM 基础) ，这种日粮有益于添加干草；
 
饲喂含总NDF和来自饲草的NDF高于高产群日粮的产后围产期日粮， 这种日粮有益于添加干草；

饲料缓冲剂；
 
成分饲养条件下，在泌乳期头六周逐渐增加精料喂量至高峰和日喂精料3-4次；
 
成分饲养或部分TMR条件下，检测和控制精料和饲草或玉米青贮和草青贮的选择性采食；
 
降低热应激对精料和饲草选择性采食的影响。 

monica

•Provide TMR with 8-10% of as-fed particles on the top screen of Penn State/Nasco shaker box  提供TMR宾州筛的头层筛日粮颗粒为8-10%；
这个不太理解：是否说TMR颗粒日粮，筛上物应为8-10%

•In component feeding situations, increase grain feeding to peak amounts gradually over the first six weeks of lactation and feed grain 3 to 4 times daily  成分饲养条件下，在泌乳期头六周逐渐增加精料喂量至高峰和日喂精料3-4次；

什么是成分饲养？不太容易理解。

矮子老师，呵呵，需要您的额外辅导啊！

矮子

总算有人看英文帖子。



实际上就是头层筛上的日粮颗粒。


相当于不是TMR饲喂的传统饲养法。按英文原意翻，只能是成分饲养。

矮子

成分饲养可以理解成根据奶牛产奶量调节精粗料喂量的饲养方式。