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Cooperative Extension for: Iowa State University University of Illinois University of Minnesota University of Wisconsin Table of Contents Sponsors and Speakers Fiber and Starch Digestibility, Past, Present & Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Nutritional Factors That Affect Manure Output by Dairy Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Corn Silage Considerations When Feeding Corn Milling Co-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 An Update on Forage and Silage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Managing Alfalfa Grass and Grass Silage for High Producing Dairy Cows . . . . . . . . 19 Feed Energy Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Copper Sulfate Footbaths: Problems, Opportunities and Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Burping Can Be Dangerous for a Ruminant: Issues with High Sulphur Diets . . . . . . . . 30 Understanding TMR Particle Size and Its Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Sulphur Deficiency Issues on Alfalfa and Corn in NE Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Effect of Feeding Rolled Flaxseed on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Cow Comfort: What Have We Learned Lately? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Immune Function and Its Compromise at Parturition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Feeding the Pre-Weaned Calf for Future Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Novel Nutrition for Replacement Dairy Heifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Cost of Raising Dairy Calves and Replacement Heifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Dairy Cattle Responses to Supplemental Dietary Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Troubleshooting On-Farm Udder Health Programs: Back to Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Building on Milk Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Applied Calf Research from Birth to Six Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Opportunities for Glycerol Use in Dairy Diets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113