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6. Quantity of starter and link to feed/feed budget There is no disputing the necessity to feed nutrient-dense, milk product-rich diets in the postweaning period to ensure fast and efficient lifetime pig growth (Lawlor et al., 2002a; 2003b; 2005a). However, these diets are expensive and their overuse must be avoided. Feeding small quantities of these diets post-weaning may not maximize post-weaning performance but may be sufficient to optimize lifetime performance. Kavanagh (1995) found that pigs given 1 kg starter diet and 4 kg link diet were 2 kg lighter at 28 days post-weaning than pigs given 3 kg of starter and 8 kg link diet. However, by day 40 post-weaning this 2-kg weight advantage had been reduced to a 1-kg weight advantage and as pigs were not followed through to slaughter weight it is not known if full compensatory growth would have occurred by this time. Likewise, Lawlor et al. (2002a) compared two post-weaning dietary regimes: 1. 10kg starter followed by link to 27 days post-weaning and 2. 3kg starter followed by 10kg link followed by weaner diet to 27 days. In this experiment pig weight at day 27 was increased by 1.2kg and feed conversion efficiency was improved between weaning and day 27 post-weaning when the higher levels of starter and link were fed. However, the weight advantage was lost by day 50 post-weaning and pigs from both treatments reached target slaughter weight at the same age and had similar FCE from weaning to slaughter. This work also found that the benefit from feeding starter diet elapsed after day 10 post-weaning (Lawlor et al., 2002a).. 6.教槽料质量和饲养方案的前后链接 毫无争议的是饲料必须营养丰富,在断奶后的日粮含有丰富的奶制品，以确保仔猪生命期的快速、高效、增长(劳勒,2002;2003;2005)。然而,这些日粮是昂贵的,必须避免过度使用这种饲料。断奶后饲喂少量这样营养丰富的饲料，可能不会最大化断奶后的性能,但可能足以优化生命期的生长性能。卡瓦纳(1995)发现,给猪1千克开食料和4千克过渡日粮，与给3千克教槽料和8千克过渡料的仔猪相比，在断奶后28天时仔猪轻2kg。然而,到断奶后40 天时，这2千克体重优势已经减少到1千克体重优势，因为没有跟踪观测到上市屠宰体重，所以我们也不知道在这个时间里是否有完全补偿性增长。同样，劳勒(2002)比较了两个断奶后日粮制度: 1）10kg教槽料随后在断奶后的27天使用过渡饲料，2）3千克教槽料随后在断奶后的27天使用10千克过渡饲料。在这个实验中，自断奶到断奶后27天，给予高水平教槽料和过渡饲料的仔猪组，体重增加1.2千克，饲料转化效率也有提高。然而,在断奶后50天，体重优势丢失，两个处理的仔猪在相同日龄达到屠宰体重的目标，并且自断奶至上市屠宰期间的FCE相似。这项研究还发现,饲喂开食料的好处主要体现在断奶后10天之内（劳勒等，2002）。 In a more recent study Leliveld et al. (2013) fed four different allocation levels of starter and link diet (Table 11), and found that the allocation levels of starter and link diets immediately post-weaning had little influence on post-weaning growth performance. Moreover, Leliveld et al. (2013) found that weaning age (3, 4 or 5 weeks) did not affect the response to the level of starter and link diets fed. If growth performance was looked at alone this would suggest that there was no benefit from feeding more than 1kg starter and 3kg link diet. However, this should be treated with caution as mortality was higher in this study when low levels of starter and link were fed. 在最近的研究中，Leliveld 等 （2013年）喂养教槽料和过渡料（表11）四种不同的分配水平，并发现教槽料和过渡料的配置水平对于断奶后生长性能影响很小。Leliveld等（2013年）发现，断奶年龄（3，4或5周）并不影响教槽料和过渡料不同水平的饲喂效果。如果只追求生长性能，这个研究结果就表明，超过1KG教槽料和3千克过渡饲料就没有啥好处。然而，在这项研究中，喂以低水平教槽料和过渡料造成的死亡率更高，这是应该认真对待的。 Bearing the above in mind it might be possible to feed allocations of starter and link as low as 1 and 3kg respectively to heavy weaned pigs in a high health situation. However, lighter weaned pigs, which are more likely in large litters, will likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link. In addition, if there are health problems on a unit then pigs will also likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link. 结合上面讨论，对于健康状况好、体重大的断奶仔猪，饲喂教槽料和过渡料也许可以分别低至1和3千克。然而,断奶体重小的猪,在大窝时更有可能是断奶体重小,给予更多的教槽料和过渡料可能更好。此外,如果一个单元上有健康问题，那么给予更多教槽料和过渡料也可能使得仔猪受益。 Table 11. Effect of allocation of starter and link diets on growth performance (Leliveld et al., 2013) 表11教槽料和过渡料的分配对生长性能的影响（Leliveld等，2013） S.e.=标准误差 注：同列肩标未标注或有相同字母者为差异不显著（P＞0.05） ，有不同小写字母者差异显著（P＜0.05），不同大写字母表示差异极显著（P<0.01），下表同。 7. Liquid feeding Liquid feeding reportedly stimulates post-weaning feed intake and growth rate in pigs. A series of four experiments to examine the effect of liquid feeding of weaned pigs on postweaning growth performance and residual effects up to slaughter were conducted at Moorepark (Lawlor et al. 2002b). Table 12 summarises the results from one of these experiments. Surprisingly, feeding liquid feed to weaned pigs did not increase pig growth rate and in fact, in other experiments decreased it. It was also quite wasteful, leading to unacceptable feed efficiency. With fermented liquid feed, uncontrolled fermentation of the feed is highly unpredictable and the growth of undesirable bacteria, yeasts and moulds can cause problems. A starter culture was deliberately added to produce fermented liquid feed in this study; however, DM gain/feed was still decreased. It is concluded that there is no benefit from liquid feeding weaned pigs whether in fresh, acidified or fermented form. 7.液体饲喂 据说液体饲喂可以刺激猪的断奶后采食量和增长率。一组四个实验，研究饲喂液体饲料对断奶后生长性能的影响，和直到出栏的残余影响（劳勒等。2002年b）。表12总结了这些实验之一的结果。令人惊奇的是，饲喂液体料的仔猪，并没有提高断奶仔猪的生长速度，并且事实上，在其他实验中生长速度下降。这也很浪费饲料，导致不可接受的饲料效率。就发酵液体饲料而言，不受控制的饲料发酵是高度不可预测的，不需要的细菌、酵母和霉菌的生长可能会引起问题。在这项研究中，发酵剂培养物被人为的加入到生产发酵教槽料;然而，DM增益/饲料之比仍有所下降。得出的结论是，液体饲料饲喂断奶仔猪没有好处，无论液体饲料是否新鲜、酸化或发酵的形式。 Table 12. Effect of liquid feeding on pig performancea (LSMb ± SEM; Lawlor et al. 2002b) 表12.液体饲料对猪的影响（LSMB±SEM; Lawlor等人2002年b） 表注呢？需要翻译！ 8. Feeding milk replacer post-weaning Feeding milk replacer in the immediate post-weaning period could be an effective strategy to increase feed intake and daily gain in the critical few days after weaning. Feeding a milk replacer plus starter diet for 4 days after weaning increased daily gain by 20-30% in the first week after weaning when compared with feeding the starter diet alone. The pigs also contained more protein and fat in their carcasses and had longer intestinal villi than pigs that were left on the sow, or pigs that were weaned directly onto starter diet (Zijlstra et al., 1996). Low post-weaning intakes are responsible for the reduction in villous height seen after weaning. This villous shortening accentuates the low growth rates normally observed in the first week after weaning. However, offering liquid milk diets at regular intervals during this period could help maintain gut integrity, and thereby help overcome the growth lag at this time (Pluske et al., 1995). 8.断奶后饲喂代乳品 在断奶期喂养代乳品可能是断奶后增加采食量和日增重的有效策略。在断奶后用代乳品+教槽料饲喂4天，与单独饲喂开食料相比，断奶后第一周日增重可增加20%-30％。与留在母猪身边的仔猪相比，或者与断奶后直接饲喂开食料的仔猪相比，这些仔猪的胴体含有更多的蛋白质和脂肪，并且小肠绒毛更长（泽吉尔斯达等，1996）。在断奶后采食量低可导致绒毛高度的降低。这种绒毛缩短使得断奶后第一周本来就低的生长速度更加恶化。然而,在此期间定期提供液态奶的日粮有助于维护肠道的完整性,从而有助于仔猪克服这时的生长滞后(Pluske et al .,1995)。 Feeding liquid milk post-weaning is not widely practiced due to economic and labour considerations. However, this is a strategy that could benefit immediate post-weaning feed intake and growth of, in particular, light weaned pigs. Extreme caution would be advised regarding hygiene for the system used to both deliver and feed the milk replacer to avoid associated health problems. 由于经济和劳动力方面的考虑，喂养液态奶没有被广泛使用。然而,这个策略可以立即有助于仔猪饲料摄入量，尤其是断奶体重小的仔猪，生长更快。极谨慎的建议是注意系统卫生，这些用于饲喂饲料代乳品的工具，以避免相关的健康问题。 | 
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