Getting Weaned Pigs to Eat

monica · 发表于 2007-7-7 22:26:31

Getting Weaned Pigs to Eat
Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D, Swine Nutritionist, SCA Nutrition

Under most commercial situations, weaned pigs experience some degree of appetite depression. This temporary eating slump increases production cost and hampers pig performance through finishing. Here are 10 keys to remember when starting newly weaned pigs.
在大多数养殖环境下，断奶仔猪会有一定程度的食欲降低。这种短期的采食减少会增加养殖成本，影响整个生长肥育期的生产性能。这里有10个关键点需要在早期断奶时牢记的。

Before weaning, a sow nurses her litter at frequent intervals. After weaning, the piglets are faced with the decision of when and how much to feed themselves. Naturally, sow milk provided liquid and nutrients, but after weaning, the pig needs to distinguish between thirst and hunger and also to realize that these needs must be satisfied via separate media.
在断奶前，母猪会在一定时间间隔哺育她的儿女。断奶后，小猪面对的则是一个何时采食和采食多少的选择。自然的，母猪提供了液体奶，并且营养高，但是断奶后，小猪则需要自己区分饥饿和口渴，同时要它们自己通过不同的器具满足饥渴需求。

Pigs that barely maintain their weaning weight during the first week may take an extra 10 to 20 days to reach market weight, compared to pigs that grow at their preweaning gain rates during the same period, according to research conducted at Kansas
State
University.
根据Kansas州大学的研究，与断奶后一周保持与断奶前同样生长速度的仔猪相比，那些生长速度降低的仔猪需要多饲养10到20天才能达到出栏重。

Early weaned pigs require about 300 g./day of dry feed during the first week postweaning to maintain their pre-weaning growth rate. Actual feed intakes, however, rarely exceed 200 g./day.
要想保持断奶前的生长速度，早期断奶的仔猪在断奶后第一周大约需要每天采食饲料300 克。

Here are 10 keys to get weaned pigs to start eating quickly and increase feed intake:
以下是有关于使断奶仔猪尽早采食和提高采食量的10个关键点：

1. Management. Increased biosecurity, an aggressive farm-specific disease prevention program, improved pig/human flow, and continuous staff training are essential parts of a professional nursery site.
1 管理
提高生物安全，一个有效的针对本常的预防疾病的程序，控制猪/人流动，持续的员工培训也是专业保育舍的一个必要部分。

2. Diet digestibility. Feed intake generally increases with improving digestibility of the diet. This is why most nursery diets are fortified with cooked cereals, milk proteins, fish meal, and simple sugars. Although such diets are more expensive than simple diets (based on corn and soybean meal), the benefits are improved performance and health.

2 日粮的消化率
饲料采食量通常会随着日粮的消化率提高而提高。这也是为什么很多保育料都要强化熟谷物，乳蛋白，鱼粉和单糖的原因。虽然这样的日粮比简单日粮（玉米豆粕型日粮）要昂贵，但好处是提高了生产性能和健康。

3. Specialty ingredients. Antimicrobial agents at growth promoting levels, zinc oxide and copper sulfate at pharmacological doses (2,000-3,000 ppm for zinc and 200-250 ppm for copper), certain organic acids, and animal plasma improve post-weaning feed intake and growth.
Generally, these ingredients are more efficacious when health, facilities, and management are sub-optimal.
3 特殊原料
促进生长水平的抗生素，药理学水平的氧化锌和硫酸铜 (2,000-3,000 ppm 锌和200-250 ppm 铜)，特定的有机酸和动物血浆都可以提高断奶后的采食量和改善生长。

4. Balanced budget. Even though high-quality starter diets promote growth performance, their advantages can be easily lost if they are fed for too long or at the wrong amount for each weight class of weaner pigs.
Here a quick reference for pig weights and amount of starter feed budgeted to each weight class:
Under 10 lb. - 4 lb.
10 to 12 lb. - 3 lb.
12 to 14 lb. - 2 lb.
More than 14 lb. ?1 lb.
Since producers are more likely to sort pigs by eye, they should have an estimate on their average weaning weight.
A small portion, about half a pound, of starter feed can be spread on mats to enhance appetite, and the rest in feeders. Ideally, all phase 1 feed could be fed on mats, but this could lead to waste as high as feed intake, I have found in my research on mat feeding.
A common mistake is to disregard the fact that heavy pigs are accustomed to consume large quantities of milk and thus, they tend to take longer than lightweight pigs to adapt to dry diets. Therefore, budget a small allotment of the first diet even for the heaviest pigs.
4 平衡的预算
虽然好质量的仔猪料可以提高生产性能，但是如果饲喂时间太长或者对不同断奶体重的仔猪不给予正确的饲料量，那这点优势很容易就没有。下面是一个关于断奶仔猪体重和保育料饲喂量的参考值：
Under 10 lb. - 4 lb.
10 to 12 lb. - 3 lb.
12 to 14 lb. - 2 lb.
More than 14 lb. ?1 lb.
由于生产者更愿意用眼睛挑选，他们应该对平均断奶重有一个估测值。很小一部分，也就是半磅的保育料，可以放在垫子上以提高诱食，其余的放在料槽里。理想条件下，所有的教槽料都应该放在垫子上，但是这会导致浪费的饲料会和采食的一样多，这是我在我的试验中发现的。通常的错误，是忽略这样的事实：体重大的猪会采食更多的奶水，与体重轻的猪相比，它们会用更长的时间来适应干料。因此，对于最重的猪，也要控制教槽料的数量。

5. Appetizers. These are commercial products that entice piglets to explore and ingest solid feed based on aroma and texture. At SCA Nutrition we have an appetizer (Primistart) that enhances the development of early feed intake, especially in lightweight pigs. It is a sticky meal diet that is composed of milk and fish proteins, oats, citric acid, and it is fortified with designer flavors and digestive enhancers. Other appetizers are available to encourage feed consumption.
5 开胃料
这是指可以从气味和质地方面促进仔猪探索和摄取固体饲料的商品。在SCA营养方面，我们有一种开胃料(Primistart)，可以提高早期饲料采食量，特别是对于体重轻的猪。这是一种粘稠的粉料，包含有乳蛋白和鱼粉，燕麦，柠檬酸，并且强化了香味剂和助消化类物质。也有其他的提高采食量的开胃料。

6. Mat-feeding. This is probably the most cost-effective way to increase feed intake, according to my research at the University of Illinois.
Spread a small quantity of feed on floor-mats or on solid floors to encourage pigs to rut and ingest solid feed as early as the first day post-weaning.
On mats without a rim, pigs like to roll and push pellets instead of picking them up. Placing the mat near the feeder seems to encourage pigs to consume more feed from the feeder. Pigs require two to three days of floor feeding before they become accustomed eating from feeders.
Frequent feeding stimulates pigs to eat more and prevents wastage of uneaten portions. However, based on our own research, feeding more than three times daily is not advised because pigs become too fond of mat-feeding.
6 垫子饲喂
根据我在Illinois大学的研究，可能这是最经济的提高采食量的方式了。把一点饲料撒在地板上的垫子上，或者硬地板上，鼓励仔猪在断奶后第一天仅早去拱并采食饲料。如果垫子上面没有边框，仔猪会喜欢去拱翻垫子并把饲料堆到一边而不是去吃。把垫子放在料槽旁边，似乎可以鼓励仔猪从饲槽中采食更多的饲料。在仔猪适应料槽前，至少需要2到3天时间在地板上饲喂。少量多次饲喂，可以促进仔猪多采食，防止未采食部分的浪费。但是，根据我们的研究，一天饲喂3次以上并不可取，因为这样仔猪会更喜欢在垫子上饲喂。

7. Milk replacers. Nursery pigs will readily consume a warm liquid milk replacer of the proper composition.
However, pigs reared solely on a liquid diet may fail to relate to dry feed unless the milk replacer is combined with a high quality starter diet or milk pellets. Good sanitation and frequent feeding are essential to prevent spoilage and attract pigs to eat.
7 代乳料
保育猪很愿意采食热的合适组成液体代乳料。然而，单纯用液体代乳料饲喂的保育猪会很难适应干料。可是，如果液体代乳料和高质量的仔猪料或奶制品可以混合，适应干料还是相对容易。良好的卫生条件和少量多次的饲喂制度对提高诱食性和减少厌食很必要。

8. Liquid diets. Offering a soup of water or a liquid dairy product and dry feed can dramatically increase (up to 300%) the intake of dry matter during the first week postweaning. Although a ratio close to 3:1 water to dry feed is usually recommended for most automatic pipeline feeding systems, nursery pigs can utilize efficiently even more dilute mixtures (up to 5:1), according to research at the University of Plymouth, UK.
8 液体饲料

在断奶后第一周，使用水或者液体奶产品+饲料进行饲喂，可以极大的(300%)提高仔猪的干物质采食量。虽然大多数管道自动饲喂系统经常推荐水料比为3：1，但根据英国Plymouth大学的研究，保育猪实际可以更有效的利用更稀的饲料（水料比接近5：1）。

9. Gruel feeding. In farms where pigs are fed dry diets on a regular basis, a warm gruel (50:50) of feed and water (or a liquid milk co-product) can be offered to weaned pigs in special bowl-type feeders during the first 2 to 3 days postweaning.
Unless the gruel is gradually thickened (70:30), some piglets may fail to adapt to dry feed.
9 粥状饲喂
在惯用干料饲喂的农场，可以用热粥状饲料（料：水或者液体的奶类副产物=50：50），在断奶后2到3天放进碗状料槽进行饲喂。除非是粥状饲料逐渐变变浓（料：水或者液体的奶类副产物=70：50），否则一些仔猪会很难适应干料。
10. Water nutrition. A new area of nutrition is water application of nutrients and feed additives. Citric acid offered via drinking water greatly reduces scouring and enhances feed intake and growth rates. A blend of soluble plasma and lactose is also available for water application. These practices tend to reduce variability in growth rates, especially among the most underprivileged piglets.

10 水营养
营养学的一个新领域就是营养物质及饲料添加剂中水的应用。在水中添加柠檬酸可以极大的减少下痢，提高采食量和生长速度。血浆和乳糖的混合物同样可以用在水中，起到提高整齐度，尤其是提高弱小仔猪的生长速度的作用。